Rabbi Challenges Right to Anonymity on Internet
By Rebecca Spence
Forward - July 14, 2006
The latest chapter in an ongoing saga
pitting an Orthodox rabbi from Monsey, N.Y., against female former
congregants who have accused him of sexual harassment is raising broad
legal questions about the right of free speech in cyberspace.
Rabbi Mordecai Tendler, who was accused
of sexually propositioning women who came to him seeking spiritual
guidance, petitioned a California court May 24 to force Google — the
Internet giant that hosts electronic message boards through its Blogspot
division — to disclose the identities of four anonymous writers who
post comments to Web journals, known as blogs. Tendler, the scion of a
storied rabbinic lineage, has fiercely denied the allegations of sexual
harassment since they first surfaced in 2004. He claims that the
bloggers have posted "false, misleading, and defamatory materials" about
him on their Web sites.
In response to the petition, Public
Citizen, a national public interest group whose litigation group has
played a lead role in defending free speech on the Internet, filed
motions on July 6 to throw out Tendler's case and reimburse the
defendants' attorney fees, saying that the request violates the
bloggers' First Amendment rights to free speech.
The newest development in the
controversy surrounding Tendler, who was expelled from the Rabbinical
Council of America in 2005 and was later sued for sexual harassment by
one former congregant, is part of a growing body of court cases that are
grappling with how to balance the rights of those who say they are
being libeled with the rights of their anonymous critics, legal analysts
said.
"Our interest is in the problem of
balancing the right to speak anonymously on the Internet against the
right of someone who has been harmed by unlawful speech to get redress,"
said Paul Levy, the Public Citizen attorney who filed the motion in
response to Tendler's petition. Levy leads the group's Internet free
speech project. "For ordinary people, the only effective way to reach
the community at large is through the Internet, which provides a voice
and an opportunity to speak," he said.
The issue of anonymous free speech on
the Internet is particularly salient in the Orthodox Jewish community,
where electronic message boards have often served as a safe space for
airing allegations and discussing claims of sexual abuse by rabbis.
Fearing both retribution by the accused clergy and ostracism from their
communities, many Orthodox victims of sexual abuse have sought refuge in
cyberspace. Jewish-themed blogs, which have proliferated in recent
years, have also served as an effective means for victims to take action
when allegations of sexual misconduct have gone unheeded by rabbinic
authorities, some critics said.
In response to Tendler's petition, Rabbi
Yosef Blau, a spiritual adviser at Yeshiva University, filed a
three-page affidavit with the Superior Court in San Jose. Calif.,
arguing that it is important to maintain the anonymity of the bloggers.
"The potential consequences of speaking out can be especially severe
when the target of the criticism belongs to an influential family, as is
true of Rabbi Mordecai Tendler," wrote Blau, who has himself been the
subject of attacks on blogs and in the print media from critics who
accused him of organizing efforts to oust Tendler.
Tendler is the son of Rabbi Moshe
Tendler, a prominent Talmud instructor and bioethicist at Yeshiva
Univeristy, and the grandson of the late Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, widely
considered to be his era's preeminent decisor of biblical and rabbinic
law.
In 2005, Blau was attacked in a series
of articles published in two Orthodox newspapers, the Jewish Press and
the Jewish Voice and Opinion, as well as on a now-defunct Web site that
was created to discredit him. Blau said that he was never able to prove
that Tendler's associates were behind the Web site and that he
eventually gave up his efforts to expose them. "The supporters of
Tendler have never revealed themselves, but no one is suing on the other
side," he added.
Lawyers for Tendler did not return repeated calls from the Forward seeking comment.
While a strong precedent for cases
involving free speech on the Internet has yet to be established, in
previous cases that have come before state courts — most recently in a
2004 state Supreme Court ruling in Delaware — judges have placed the
burden of proof on the plaintiff to prove defamation before they are
willing to force an Internet host to reveal a blogger's anonymous
identity.
"The First Amendment reflects an
understanding that sometimes the most valuable speech is uncredited,"
said Jonathan Zittrain, a professor of Internet governance and
regulation at Oxford University. Zittrain cited as a historic example
the Federalist Papers, which were written anonymously by the authors of
the United States Constitution. "And no one would call the framers
cowards," he said.
Some advocates for sexual abuse victims
contend that anonymous blogging is necessary not only to shield accusers
from potential harassment, but also to help them through the process of
healing.
"One of the things most healing to
any victim of a serious crime is to talk about it," said Vicki Polin,
founder of The Awareness Center Inc., a volunteer organization that
maintains a Web site on sexual abuse in the Jewish community. "When
people start blogging, they realize they're not alone," she said.
But some Jewish bloggers expressed
disdain toward those who remain anonymous. Stephen I. Weiss, who
operates the religion blog Canonist and founded one of the first Jewish
blogs to host discussions on sexual harassment by rabbis, said that
while anonymity may be legally justified, it can't be morally justified.
Many blogs "claim to bring down abusive rabbis when they don't," Weiss
said. Still, Weiss added, "legally, the potential ramifications for what
Tendler is proposing are horrendous."
Meanwhile, an Israeli Knesset member,
Yisrael Hason, was set this week to introduce a bill that would require
Internet sites to only post comments from participants who identify
themselves, according to Israeli news reports. That bill was sparked by
similar cases in Israel of public officials who were anonymously
criticized by Internet bloggers.